Mikhail Fedorovich – the first king of the Romanovs. Father Mikhail Fedorovich was Fedor Romanov, afterwards the Patriarch Filaret, who was married to Xenia Ivanovna Shestova, a commoner sort, in June 1596 their son was born to M. In 1601, Boris Godunov, the veil and banished Theodore Nikitich in Sofia Anthony m-ph and his mother M. Fedorovich vows under the name Martha and banished Zaonezhie in Egorevsky Tolvuyskoy parish churchyard. M. F. lived in Byelozero with his aunt, Martha Nikitichna Cherkassy, since 1603 lived in Klin, the birthplace of the Romanov family in 1605 with his mother. The first impostor Filaret elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov; family united and almost until the end of 1608 lived together, and during the Tushino thief when Filaret was with him in honorable captivity – in Moscow. In 1610, Filaret was with the book. Golitsyn was sent to the Poles, who was not released, and 9 years of MS not seen his father. The future king and her mother were detained at Moscow's Kremlin and released from prison until November 1612 and when exiting in Kostroma, some living in his own house, in Ipatiev m-re. Cathedral in 1613 elected M. Fedorovich the throne of Moscow on February 21. 13 March, after the cathedral came to Kostroma, and 14 were taken in Ipatiev m-re. Nun Martha M. and resolutely refused to accept the offer cathedral, mainly because, as my mother would say, "from her son has no idea at such great glorious states to be sovereign, and he – not of age, and the Moscow State all ranks of people for sins izmalodushestvovalis, giving their souls to the former rulers, not directly served. After a six-hour negotiating M. and mother when they were threatened that God's rule on their final ruin of the state, agreed to accept the election of Moscow to the throne. March 19 moved slowly AM to Moscow; June 11, 1613 held its royal wedding. Having embarked on the throne of Moscow, Moscowwas forced to do the ordering of the Interior and the struggle against foreign enemies – Sweden and Poland to the same gang Lisowski Zarutsky and others quietly moved from one end of the Russian land in the other, looted and rampaged, completely ruining the Muscovite state. The first care of the new government was to collect the Treasury. The king and the church sent out letters all over with orders to collect the tax and treasury income, requesting a loan to the treasury of money and all that can be given things. Particular attention was drawn to the gang of Cossacks and every riff. Duration was fighting Zarutsky to SE, with a band whose mop until June 1614, the fall in 1614 to cope with the captain, pet and his gang at the upper reaches of the Volga, and finally managed to weaken and dissipate the most dangerous gang – Lisowski (to 1616 g .). Cathedral in 1616 decided to levy a fifth of all trading people money and the rich should indicate the amount they should give the treasury, to wage war against external enemies. Swedes ruled Novgorod and Vodskaya fifths and wanted to join this area of Sweden, in addition, the Swedes demanded that Russia recognized the king of the Moscow Prince Philip, who was already an oath of Novgorod. Russian Military affairs under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, were unsuccessful, but the Swedes are more interested in order to prevent the Russian to the Baltic Sea than the capture of Novgorod, so they readily agreed to the mediation of England and Holland in the peace negotiations. Negotiations are often interrupted, finally ended in eternal peace Stolbova (1617). The Swedes conceded Russian Novgorod, fluttering, Staraya Russa, Ladoga and Gdov, and Russian Swedes – Primorsky Krai: Ivangorod, Yam, Koporje, Nut, and Korela, binding themselves to pay Sweden, moreover, 20000 rub. At the same time the British, Dutch and Swedes procured a significant trading privileges. In the summer of 1617 Prince Vlad moved to Moscow in 1618, with the help of the Cossack hetman Sagaidachnogo entered the Moscow region.After an unsuccessful attack on Moscow, Vladislav Sagaidachny and retreated to the Trinity, there too, led by Fed. Sheremetev, moved, and the Russian army. But the battle was not followed, as both sides felt exhausted, December 1, 1618 signed the truce was Deulino for 14 years and 6 months. The returning Met. Filaret was proposed by the patriarchal throne. After the usual denials Filaret took it, received the title of "great ruler. There was a period of dual power: letters written on behalf of the king and the patriarch, M. F., in all matters subordinate to the influence of his father. All the attention of the king and the patriarch is focused on domestic affairs. In 1619 in Moscow, still met the cathedral that has survived the end of the war with the Swedes and Poles. Cathedral drew attention to the dire economic situation in Russia. The main measure for increasing the profitability of the Treasury was sending so-called scribal books. At the Council indicated that sent scribes took bribes from the rich and the wretched oppressed, with some taken on the tax clerks' registers, with the other – on patrol. True reigned everywhere. Raise money trying every means, even borrowed money from the British, giving them for the right of free trade, serving people living in the suburbs, have imposed a common urban taxpayers, customs and excise duties were given to farmed and tried to drink more, increasing the treasury income. In addition to customs duties levied on various exactions (polavochnoe, Myto, etc.) every trade, even everyday activities (take for watering livestock, washing clothes, etc.). From the time of the Interior dual power critical: the resumption of the labial majors in 1627, the persecution of robbery, distribution of serfdom, the development of orders. Particular attention was drawn to Siberia and the Volga region. Siberia gave fur, and the government tried to monopolize this trade craft, as elsewhere, especially overseas, in the absence of money, paid with furs.At the same time occupied by the Russian land is steadily expanding in the east and south, the core of people here were Cossacks and the so-called peasants plow; in 1621 in Siberia was dedicated to the first apxiepey – Archbishop Cyprian. On the Volga, especially in its southern course, from the Zhiguli Mountains, tried to weaken the robbery and to deliver the opportunity to develop trade with the edge of the Caspian Sea and Persia. Meanwhile, the deadline for a truce with Poland. The king tried to collect as many as possible and comfortable for the upcoming power struggle, as the persistent misunderstanding of Poland did not cease. The government has ordered in 1631 all the nobles and knights to be ready. From the monastic estates, with all the estates and the estates were laid money for "ences of people, it was decided to recruit foreign soldiers, buy abroad, 10,000 muskets with torches, etc. Disagreements with Poland becoming more acute, more and more, especially because of insults Poles MA, as the king of Moscow. Russian ambassadors constantly complained that the Poles are not called M. King, correctly and with laissez-passer write the title of tsar of Moscow, etc. In April 1632 he died Sigismund III. In Poland, civil wars began in choosing a new king. M. and Filaret decided to use a convenient time and start a war. Convened a cathedral, which was determined to take revenge on the Poles for past injustice and to take away the field; truce was broken, and the autumn 1632 the war began. The principal chiefs of the army were appointed by IIR. B. Shein and courtier Arthemy Izmailov. They moved to Smolensk, Sheene began the siege of the city came to the aid of Smolensk, King Vladislav, besieged Shein, kept him in the siege until February 1634, aid from Moscow Shein has not received and was compelled to surrender, putting all the flags and guns before the king and retreated to Moscow from 8000 human. Shortly before his death patpiarh Filaret (October 1, 1633); boyars began to exercise great influence on the good-natured king.They do not love the proud and arrogant,
Sheina; it and Izmailov accused of treason and beheaded two. Convened early in 1634 the cathedral was inclined to make peace, because there were no funds to continue the war. Threats to Sweden and Turkey and forced the Poles want peace. At pv. Polyanovke concluded a perpetual peace (June 4, 1634). The Poles wanted to get p 100000. for refusal of Vladislav the title tsar of Moscow, but contented 20000 rub.; of land had been ceded in perpetuity Smolensk and Chernigov. Russian envoys were rejected proposals for closer union of Poland and Moscow, as well as the demands of the Poles to the title of tsar of Moscow did not write "King of All Russia, and" my Russia ", as M. does not know all the Russian land. Since then starts increasing convergence of Muscovites and foreigners. from Western Europe arrived in the Holstein embassy described the famous Olearius; to Germany was sent to a translator Zacharias Nikolaev for masters mednoplavilnogo case, many foreigners have the privileges of trade and the device works, despite the protests and discontent of Russian industrialists, the Germans were space for the picks, the soldiers began to victuals is an indispensable attribute of Russian troops, etc. The Government continued to monopolize in their favor different kinds of trade (ie trade in flax, the production of ammonium nitrate, etc.) and give different crafts and other activities at the mercy of (eg classes izvoznym, tar, leaven fishing fees on bridges and the ferry, etc.). Serfdom everything developed. Pursuit of robbers (Suzdal, Kostroma gang Tolstoy, etc.) and counterfeiters, who have flooded my throat with tin, brought a lot of trouble the Moscow government. protect the southern borders of the Tatar raids brought the construction of fortifications years. Tambov, Kozlova, Penza, Simbirsk, Upper and Lower Lomov, etc. At the end of the reign of M. was taken up the issue of Azov. In 1636 – 37 years.Don Cossacks took Azov, the Crimean Khan, urged by the Sultan, Moscow threatened war; called a cathedral, began to prepare for war. In early 1641 under the walls of Azov were Turks who besieged him and almost destroyed the walls of Azov cannon shots, but the Cossacks from the Azov could not dislodge. The Cossacks saw, however, that they do not own one Azov, beaten brow M., begging him to take the city under its authority. To address this important issue once again was called the cathedral at the beginning of 1642 views were divided on the cathedral: nobles were in favor of Azov and vchinanie war with the Turks. Visitors and merchants were not for the war, people were given the lowest rank to the will of the king, but still complained about their sad, economic situation and ruin. Despite the fact that I definitely voted for the war out of 195 members of the Cathedral, 152 Azov, the government decided, under its authority not to take the war and not start. Turkish Ambassador Chilibeya accepted with honor and was then sent Cossacks order to return Azov to the Turks. Turkey has sent envoys with gifts and assurances of a friendly disposition mosk. government. Exasperated by the Cossacks withdrew from Azov, but threatened to withdraw from the Don and will disturb the Persians. At the end of the reign of MM in Moscow there were negotiations about marriage to Pharaoh's daughter Irene with Prince Waldemar Danish. Prince Waldemar arrived in Moscow in 1644, but was unwilling to accept orthodoxy, but by all means encourage him to change his faith and released to his homeland only in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Meanwhile, negotiations were held with Polish ambassadors, Stempkovsky and others, for the extradition of an impostor Luby, who arrived with the embassy in Moscow. Polish ambassadors would not like to give unwitting impostor, referring to his innocence. During these negotiations, on the night of July 13, 1645 M. F., died, probably from the water disease. When in 1616 M. conceived marry, he chose a poor nobleman's daughter, Maria Ivanovna Khlopov, but the marriage was upset. In 1624 M. married the daughter of Prince.Vladimir Timofeeevicha Dolgorukova, Mary. After 4 months, she died, possibly from poisoning. The second time, M. was married in 1626 to a daughter courtier – Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. From her he had a son, Alexis, daughters – Irina, Anna and Tanya. At the young age of M. Fedorovich died: the sons – John, and Basil, daughter Pelageya, Martha, Sophia and Evdokia. Mikhail was thoughtful, gentle, obedient, quiet and religious. In matters of public and private guided them close friends. These people, like the cathedrals zemstvo Phys. people who supported M. Fedorovich, 1625 he was named the Autocrat, gave him the opportunity to escape a difficult situation and alleviate some of the wounds inflicted by the Moscow kingdom "hard times", "rozruhoyu" Time of Troubles. In addition to general works on history, which included the history of the reign of M. Fedorovich (Artsybashev, "The story of Russia, brought up in 1698, Soloviev," History of Russia, Vol IX; Russian history Karamzin, Polevoy and Ilovaisky not been brought to Time of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich), there is a monograph Berja: "The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (St. Petersburg, 1832); use it to with great caution. Important single work: P. Ostrowski, "Historical and Statistical description of first-class cathedral Hypatius m-OC" (1870), and art Khrushchev in the "Ancient and new. Russia" (1876, ¼ 12: "Xenia Ivanovna Romanova, with portrait of the queen).

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